man(1)

NAME
man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals

SYNOPSIS
man [-c|-w|-tZ] [-H [browser]] [-T [device]] [-adhu7V] [-i|-I] [-m system[,...]] [-L locale] [-p string] [-C file] [-M path] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-S list] [-e extension] [[section] page ...] ...
man -l [-7] [-tZ] [-H [browser]] [-T [device]] [-p string] [-P pager] [-r prompt] file ...
man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
man -f [whatis options] page ...

DESCRIPTION
man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is normally the name of a program, utility or function. The manual page associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A section, if provided, will direct man to look only in that section of the manual. The default action is to search in all of the available sections, following a pre-defined order and to show only the first page found, even if page exists in several sections. The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed by the types of pages they contain.
1 | Executable programs or shell commands
2 | System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
3 | Library calls (functions within program libraries)
4 | Special files (usually found in /dev)
5 | File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
6 | Games
7 | Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. man(7), groff(7)
8 | System administration commands (usually only for root)
9 | Kernel routines [Non standard]
A manual page consists of several parts. They may be labelled NAME, SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, FILES, SEE ALSO, BUGS, and AUTHOR. The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can be used as a guide in other sections.
bold text | type exactly as shown.
italic text | replace with appropriate argument.
[-abc] | any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
-a|-b | options delimited by | cannot be used together.
argument ... | argument is repeatable.
[expression] ... | entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.
The command or function illustration is a pattern that should match all possible invocations. In some cases it is advisable to illustrate several exclusive invocations as is shown in the SYNOPSIS section of this manual page.

EXAMPLES

man ls
    Display the manual page for the item (program) ls.

man -a intro
    Display, in succession, all of the available intro manual pages contained within the manual. It is possible to quit between successive displays or skip any of them.

man -t alias | lpr -Pps
    Format the manual page referenced by `alias', usually a shell manual page, into the default troff or groff format and pipe it to the printer named ps. The default output for groff is usually PostScript. man --help should advise as to which processor is bound to the -t option.

man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
    This command will decompress and format the nroff source manual page ./foo.1x.gz into a device independent (dvi) file. The redirection is necessary as the -T flag causes output to be directed to stdout with no pager. The output could be viewed with a program such as xdvi or further processed into PostScript using a program such as dvips.

man -k printf
    Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the keyword printf as regular expression. Print out any matches. Equivalent to apropos -r printf.

man -f smail
    Lookup the manual pages referenced by smail and print out the short descriptions of any found. Equivalent to whatis -r smail.

OVERVIEW
Many options are available to man in order to give as much flexibility as possible to the user. Changes can be made to the search path, section order, output processor, and other behaviours and operations detailed below. If set, various environment variables are interrogated to determine the operation of man. It is possible to set the `catch all' variable $MANOPT to any string in command line format with the exception that any spaces used as part of an option's argument must be escaped (preceded by a backslash). man will parse $MANOPT prior to parsing its own command line. Those options requiring an argument will be overridden by the same options found on the command line. To reset all of the options set in $MANOPT, -D can be specified as the initial command line option. This will allow man to `forget' about the options specified in $MANOPT although they must still have been valid. The manual pager utilities packaged as man-db make extensive use of index database caches. These caches contain information such as where each manual page can be found on the filesystem and what its whatis (short one line description of the man page) contains, and allow man to run faster than if it had to search the filesystem each time to find the appropriate manual page. If requested using the -u option, man will ensure that the caches remain consistent, which can obviate the need to manually run software to update traditional whatis text databases. If man cannot find a mandb initiated index database for a particular manual page hierarchy, it will still search for the requested manual pages, although file globbing will be necessary to search within that hierarchy. If whatis or apropos fails to find an index it will try to extract information from a traditional whatis database instead. These utilities support compressed source nroff files having, by default, the extensions of .Z, .z and .gz. It is possible to deal with any compression extension, but this information must be known at compile time. Also, by default, any cat pages produced are compressed using gzip. Each `global' manual page hierarchy such as /usr/share/man or /usr/X11R6/man may have any directory as its cat page hierarchy. Traditionally the cat pages are stored under the same hierarchy as the man pages, but for reasons such as those specified in the File Hierarchy Standard (FHS), it may be better to store them elsewhere. For details on how to do this, please read manpath(5). For details on why to do this, read the standard. International support is available with this package. Native language manual pages are accessible (if available on your system) via use of locale functions. To activate such support, it is necessary to set either $LC_MESSAGES, $LANG or another system dependent environment variable to your language locale, usually specified in the POSIX 1003.1 based format: <language>[ _ <territory>[ . <character-set>[ , <version>]]] If the desired page is available in your locale, it will be displayed in lieu of the standard (usually American English) page. Support for international message catalogues is also featured in this package and can be activated in the same way, again if available. If you find that the manual pages and message catalogues supplied with this package are not available in your native language and you would like to supply them, please contact the maintainer who will be coordinating such activity. For information regarding other features and extensions available with this manual pager, please read the documents supplied with the package.

DEFAULTS
man will search for the desired manual pages within the index database caches. If the -u option is given, a cache consistency check is performed to ensure the databases accurately reflect the filesystem. If this option is always given, it is not generally necessary to run mandb after the caches are initially created, unless a cache becomes corrupt. However, the cache consistency check can be slow on systems with many manual pages installed, so it is not performed by default, and system administrators may wish to run mandb every week or so to keep the database caches fresh. To forestall problems caused by outdated caches, man will fall back to file globbing if a cache lookup fails, just as it would if no cache was present. Once a manual page has been located, a check is performed to find out if a relative preformatted `cat' file already exists and is newer than the nroff file. If it does and is, this preformatted file is (usually) decompressed and then displayed, via use of a pager. The pager can be specified in a number of ways, or else will fall back to a default is used (see option -P for details). If no cat is found or is older than the nroff file, the nroff is filtered through various programs and is shown immediately. If a cat file can be produced (a relative cat directory exists and has appropriate permissions), man will compress and store the cat file in the background. The filters are deciphered by a number of means. Firstly, the command line option -p or the environment variable $MANROFFSEQ is interrogated. If -p was not used and the environment variable was not set, the initial line of the nroff file is parsed for a preprocessor string. To contain a valid preprocessor string, the first line must resemble '\" <string> where string can be any combination of letters described by option -p below. If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a default set is used. A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary formatter (nroff or [tg]roff with -t) and executed. Alternatively, if an executable program mandb_nfmt (or mandb_tfmt with -t) exists in the man tree root, it is executed instead. It gets passed the manual source file, the preprocessor string, and optionally the device specified with -T or -E as arguments.

OPTIONS
Non argument options that are duplicated either on the command line, in $MANOPT, or both, are not harmful. For options that require an argument, each duplication will override the previous argument value.

-l, --local-file
    Activate `local' mode. Format and display local manual files instead of searching through the system's manual collection. Each manual page argument will be interpreted as an nroff source file in the correct format. No cat file is produced. If '-' is listed as one of the arguments, input will be taken from stdin. When this option is not used, and man fails to find the page required, before displaying the error message, it attempts to act as if this option was supplied, using the name as a filename and looking for an exact match.

-L locale, --locale=locale
    man will normally determine your current locale by a call to the C function setlocale(3) which interrogates various environment variables, possibly including $LC_MESSAGES and $LANG. To temporarily override the determined value, use this option to supply a locale string directly to man. Note that it will not take effect until the search for pages actually begins. Output such as the help message will always be displayed in the initially determined locale.

-D, --default
    This option is normally issued as the very first option and resets man's behaviour to its default. Its use is to reset those options that may have been set in $MANOPT. Any options that follow -D will have their usual effect.

-C file, --config-file=file
    Use this user configuration file rather than the default of ~/.manpath.

-M path, --manpath=path
    Specify an alternate manpath to use. By default, man uses manpath derived code to determine the path to search. This option overrides the $MANPATH environment variable and causes option -m to be ignored. A path specified as a manpath must be the root of a manual page hierarchy structured into sections as described in the man-db manual (under "The manual page system"). To view manual pages outside such hierarchies, see the -l option.

-P pager, --pager=pager
    Specify which output pager to use. By default, man uses exec /usr/bin/pager -s. This option overrides the $PAGER environment variable and is not used in conjunction with -f or -k.

-r prompt, --prompt=prompt
    If a recent version of less is used as the pager, man will attempt to set its prompt and some sensible options. The default prompt looks like Manual page name(sec) line x where name denotes the manual page name, sec denotes the section it was found under and x the current line number. This is achieved by using the $LESS environment variable. Supplying -r with a string will override this default. The string may contain the text $MAN_PN which will be expanded to the name of the current manual page and its section name surrounded by `(' and `)'. The string used to produce the default could be expressed as \ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.:
    byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB %pB\\%.. It is broken into two lines here for the sake of readability only. For its meaning see the less(1) manual page. The prompt string is first evaluated by the shell. All double quotes, back-quotes and backslashes in the prompt must be escaped by a preceding backslash. The prompt string may end in an escaped $ which may be followed by further options for less. By default man sets the -ix8 options. If you want to override man's prompt string processing completely, use the $MANLESS environment variable described below.

-7, --ascii
    When viewing a pure ascii(7) manual page on a 7 bit terminal or terminal emulator, some characters may not display correctly when using the latin1(7) device description with GNU nroff. This option allows pure ascii manual pages to be displayed in ascii with the latin1 device. It will not translate any latin1 text. The following table shows the translations performed: some parts of it may only be displayed properly when using GNU nroff's latin1(7) device.
    Description | Octal | latin1 | ascii
    continuation hyphen | 255 |  | -
    bullet (middle dot) | 267 | • | o
    acute accent | 264 | ´ | '
    multiplication sign | 327 | × | x
    If the latin1 column displays correctly, your terminal may be set up for latin1 characters and this option is not necessary. If the latin1 and ascii columns are identical, you are reading this page using this option or man did not format this page using the latin1 device description. If the latin1 column is missing or corrupt, you may need to view manual pages with this option. This option is ignored when using options -t, -H, -T, or -Z and may be useless for nroff other than GNU's.

-S list, --sections=list
    List is a colon-separated list of `order specific' manual sections to search. This option overrides the $MANSECT environment variable.

-a, --all
    By default, man will exit after displaying the most suitable manual page it finds. Using this option forces man to display all the manual pages with names that match the search criteria.

-c, --catman
    This option is not for general use and should only be used by the catman program.

-d, --debug
    Don't actually display any manual pages, but do print lots of debugging information.

-e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension
    Some systems incorporate large packages of manual pages, such as those that accompany the Tcl package, into the main manual page hierarchy. To get around the problem of having two manual pages with the same name such as exit(3), the Tcl pages were usually all assigned to section l. As this is unfortunate, it is now possible to put the pages in the correct section, and to assign a specific `extension' to them, in this case, exit(3tcl). Under normal operation, man will display exit(3) in preference to exit(3tcl). To negotiate this situation and to avoid having to know which section the page you require resides in, it is now possible to give man a string indicating which package the page must belong to. Using the above example, supplying the option -e tcl to man will restrict the search to pages having an extension of *tcl.

-f, --whatis
    Equivalent to whatis. Display a short description from the manual page, if available. See whatis(1) for details.

-h, --help
    Print a help message and exit.

-i, --ignore-case
    Ignore case when searching for manual pages. This is the default.

-I, --match-case
    Search for manual pages case-sensitively.

-k, --apropos
    Equivalent to apropos. Search the short manual page descriptions for keywords and display any matches. See apropos(1) for details.

-m system [,...], --systems=system [,...]
    If this system has access to other operating system's manual pages, they can be accessed using this option. To search for a manual page from NewOS's manual page collection, use the option -m NewOS. The system specified can be a combination of comma delimited operating system names. To include a search of the native operating system's manual pages, include the system name man in the argument string. This option will override the $SYSTEM environment variable.

-p string, --preprocessor=string
    Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nroff or troff/groff. Not all installations will have a full set of preprocessors. Some of the preprocessors and the letters used to designate them are: eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind (v), refer (r). This option overrides the $MANROFFSEQ environment variable. zsoelim is always run as the very first preprocessor.

-u, --update
    This option causes man to perform an `inode level' consistency check on its database caches to ensure that they are an accurate representation of the filesystem. It will only have a useful effect if man is installed with the setuid bit set.

-t, --troff
    Use /usr/bin/groff -mandoc to format the manual page to stdout. This option is not required in conjunction with -H, -T, or -Z.

-T[device], --troff-device[=device]
    This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output to be suitable for a device other than the default. It implies -t. Examples (provided with Groff-1.17) include dvi, latin1, ps, utf8, X75 and X100.

-Z, --ditroff
    groff will run troff and then use an appropriate post-processor to produce output suitable for the chosen device. If /usr/bin/groff -mandoc is groff, this option is passed to groff and will suppress the use of a post-processor. It implies -t.

-H[browser], --html[=browser]
    This option will cause groff to produce HTML output, and will display that output in a web browser. The choice of browser is determined by the optional browser argument if one is provided, by the $BROWSER environment variable, or by a compile-time default if that is unset (usually lynx). This option implies -t, and will only work with GNU troff.

-E device, --encoding=device
    Generate output for a character encoding other than the default. Due to the way nroff is currently designed, the argument to this function must be an nroff device such as ascii, latin1, or utf8.

-w, --where, --location
    Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the source nroff files that would be formatted.

-W, --where-cat, --location-cat
    Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the cat files that would be displayed. If -w and -W are both specified, print both separated by a space.

-V, --version
    Display version information.

EXIT STATUS

0   Successful program execution.

1   Usage, syntax or configuration file error.

2   Operational error.

3   A child process returned a non-zero exit status.

16  At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or wasn't matched.

ENVIRONMENT

MANPATH
    If $MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to search for manual pages.

MANROFFSEQ
    If $MANROFFSEQ is set, its value is used to determine the set of preprocessors to pass each manual page through. The default preprocessor list is system dependent.

MANSECT
    If $MANSECT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of sections and it is used to determine which manual sections to search and in what order.

PAGER
    If $PAGER is set, its value is used as the name of the program used to display the manual page. By default, exec /usr/bin/pager -s is used.

MANLESS
    If $MANLESS is set, man will not perform any of its usual processing to set up a prompt string for the less pager. Instead, the value of $MANLESS will be copied verbatim into $LESS. For example, if you want to set the prompt string unconditionally to “my prompt string”, set $MANLESS to ‘-Psmy prompt string’.

BROWSER
    If $BROWSER is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of commands, each of which in turn is used to try to start a web browser for man --html. In each command, %s is replaced by a filename containing the HTML output from groff, %% is replaced by a single percent sign (%), and %c is replaced by a colon (:).

SYSTEM
    If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as option -m string where string will be taken as $SYSTEM's contents.

MANOPT
    If $MANOPT is set, it will be parsed prior to man's command line and is expected to be in a similar format. As all of the other man specific environment variables can be expressed as command line options, and are thus candidates for being included in $MANOPT it is expected that they will become obsolete. N.B. All spaces that should be interpreted as part of an option's argument must be escaped.

MANWIDTH
    If $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the line length for which manual pages should be formatted. If it is not set, manual pages will be formatted with a line length appropriate to the current terminal (using an ioctl(2) if available, the value of $COLUMNS, or falling back to 80 characters if neither is available). Cat pages will only be saved when the default formatting can be used, that is when the terminal line length is between 66 and 80 characters.

LANG, LC_MESSAGES
    Depending on system and implementation, either or both of $LANG and $LC_MESSAGES will be interrogated for the current message locale. man will display its messages in that locale (if available). See setlocale(3) for precise details.

FILES

/etc/manpath.config
    man-db configuration file.

/usr/share/man
    A global manual page hierarchy.

/usr/share/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
    A traditional global index database cache.

/var/cache/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
    An alternate or FHS compliant global index database cache.

SEE ALSO
mandb(8), manpath(1), manpath(5), apropos(1), whatis(1), catman(8), less(1), nroff(1), troff(1), groff(1), zsoelim(1), setlocale(3), man(7), ascii(7), latin1(7), the man-db package manual, FSSTND.

HISTORY
1990, 1991 - Originally written by John W. Eaton (jwe@che.utexas.edu). Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) applied bug fixes supplied by Willem Kasdorp (wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl). 30th April 1994 - 23rd February 2000: Wilf. (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) has been developing and maintaining this package with the help of a few dedicated people. 30th October 1996 - 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco <fpolacco@debian.org> maintained and enhanced this package for the Debian project, with the help of all the community. 31st March 2001 - present day: Colin Watson <cjwatson@debian.org> is now developing and maintaining man-db.