VIM: various

## VARIOUS

    *various.txt*   For Vim version 6.1.  Last change: 2002 Feb 24

    		  VIM REFERENCE MANUAL    by Bram Moolenaar

    Various commands					*various*

    1. Various commands		|various-cmds|
    2. Online help			|online-help|
    3. Printing			|printing|
    4. Using Vim like less or more	|less|

    1. Various commands					*various-cmds*

    							*CTRL-L*
    CTRL-L			Clear and redraw the screen (later).

    							*:redr* *:redraw*
    :redr[aw][!]		Redraw the screen right now.  When ! is included it is
    			cleared first.
    			Useful to update the screen halfway executing a script
    			or function.  Also when halfway a mapping and
    			'lazyredraw' is set.

    							*N<Del>*
    <Del>			When entering a number: Remove the last digit.
    			Note: if you like to use <BS> for this, add this
    			mapping to your .vimrc:
    				:map CTRL-V <BS>   CTRL-V <Del>
    			See |:fixdel| if your <Del> key does not do what you
    			want.

    :as[cii]	or					*ga* *:as* *:ascii*
    ga			Print the ascii value of the character under the
    			cursor in decimal, hexadecimal and octal.  For
    			example, when the cursor is on a 'R':
    				<R>  82,  Hex 52,  Octal 122
    			When the character is a non-standard ASCII character,
    			but printable according to the 'isprint' option, the
    			non-printable version is also given.  When the
    			character is larger than 127, the <M-x> form is also
    			printed.  For example:
    				<~A>  <M-^A>  129,  Hex 81,  Octal 201
    				<p>  <|~>  <M-~>  254,  Hex fe,  Octal 376
    			(where <p> is a special character)
    			The <Nul> character in a file is stored internally as
    			<NL>, but it will be shown as:
    				<^@>  0,  Hex 00,  Octal 000
    			Mnemonic: Get Ascii value.  {not in Vi}

    							*g8*
    g8			Print the hex values of the bytes used in the
    			character under the cursor, assuming it is in |UTF-8|
    			encoding.  This also shows composing characters.
    			Example of a character with three composing
    			characters:
    				e0 b8 81 + e0 b8 b9 + e0 b9 89
    			{not in Vi}

    							*:p* *:pr* *:print*
    :[range]p[rint]		Print [range] lines (default current line).
    			Note: If you are looking for a way to print your text
    			file, you need an external program for that.  In the
    			GUI you can use the File.Print menu entry.
    			(For printing on paper see |:hardcopy|)

    :[range]p[rint] {count}
    			Print {count} lines, starting with [range] (default
    			current line |cmdline-ranges|).

    							*:P* *:Print*
    :[range]P[rint] [count]
    			Just as ":print".  Was apparently added to Vi for
    			people that keep the shift key pressed too long...

    							*:l* *:list*
    :[range]l[ist] [count]
    			Same as :print, but display unprintable characters
    			with '^'.

    							*:nu* *:number*
    :[range]nu[mber] [count]
    			Same as :print, but precede each line with its line
    			number.  (See also 'highlight' option).

    							*:#*
    :[range]# [count]	synonym for :number.

    							*:z* *E144*
    :{range}z[+-^.=]{count}	Display several lines of text surrounding the line
    			specified with {range}, or around the current line
    			if there is no {range}.  If there is a {count}, that's
    			how many lines you'll see; otherwise, the current
    			window size is used.

    			:z can be used either alone or followed by any of
    			several punctuation marks.  These have the following
    			effect:

    			mark   first line    last line      new location
    			----   ----------    ---------      ------------
    			+      current line  1 scr forward  1 scr forward
    			-      1 scr back    current line   current line
    			^      2 scr back    1 scr back     1 scr back
    			.      1/2 scr back  1/2 scr fwd    1/2 src fwd
    			=      1/2 src back  1/2 scr fwd    current line

    			Specifying no mark at all is the same as "+".
    			If the mark is "=", a line of dashes is printed
    			around the current line.

    :{range}z#[+-^.=]{count}				*:z#*
    			Like ":z", but number the lines.
    			{not in all versions of Vi, not with these arguments}

    							*:=*
    :=			Print the cursor line number.

    :{range}=		Prints the last line number in {range}.

    :norm[al][!] {commands}					*:norm* *:normal*
    			Execute Normal mode commands {commands}.  This makes
    			it possible to execute Normal mode commands typed on
    			the command-line.  {commands} is executed like it is
    			typed.  For undo all commands are undone together.
    			If the [!] is given, mappings will not be used.
    			{commands} should be a complete command.  If
    			{commands} does not finish a command, the last one
    			will be aborted as if <Esc> was typed.  The display
    			isn't updated while doing this.  This implies that an
    			insert command must be completed (to start Insert
    			mode, see |:startinsert|).  A ":" command must be
    			completed as well.
    			The 'insertmode' option is ignored for {commands}.
    			This command cannot be followed by another command,
    			since any '|' is considered part of the command.
    			This command can be used recursively, but the depth is
    			limited by 'maxmapdepth'.
    			When this command is called from a non-remappable
    			mapping |:noremap|, the argument can be mapped anyway.
    			An alternative is to use |:execute|, which uses an
    			expression as argument.  This allows the use of
    			printable characters.  Example:
    				:exe "normal \<c-w>\<c-w>"
    			{not in Vi, of course}
    			Not available when |+ex_extra| feature was disabled at
    			compile time.

    :{range}norm[al][!] {commands}				*:normal-range*
    			Execute Normal mode commands {commands} for each line
    			in the {range}.  Before executing the {commands}, the
    			cursor is positioned in the first column of the range,
    			for each line.  Otherwise it's the same as the
    			":normal" command without a range.
    			{not in Vi}
    			Not available when |+ex_extra| feature was disabled at
    			compile time.

    							*:sh* *:shell* *E371*
    :sh[ell]		This command starts a shell.  When the shell exits
    			(after the "exit" command) you return to Vim.  The
    			name for the shell command comes from 'shell' option.
    							*E360*
    			Note: This doesn't work when Vim on the Amiga was
    			started in QuickFix mode from a compiler, because the
    			compiler will have set stdin to a non-interactive
    			mode.

    							*:!cmd* *:!* *E34*
    :!{cmd}			Execute {cmd} with the shell.  See also the 'shell'
    			and 'shelltype' option.
    			Any '!' in {cmd} is replaced with the previous
    			external command (see also 'cpoptions').  But not when
    			there is a backslash before the '!', then that
    			backslash is removed.  Example: ":!ls" followed by
    			":!echo ! \! \\!" executes "echo ls ! \!".
    			After the command has been executed, the timestamp of
    			the current file is checked |timestamp|.
    			There cannot be a '|' in {cmd}, see |:bar|.
    			On Unix the command normally runs in a non-interactive
    			shell.  If you want an interactive shell to be used
    			(to use aliases) set 'shellcmdflag' to "-ic".
    			For Win32 also see |:!start|.
    			Vim redraws the screen after the command is finished,
    			because it may have printed any text.  This requires a
    			hit-enter prompt, so that you can read any messages.
    			To avoid this use:
    				:silent !{cmd}
    			The screen is not redrawn then, thus you have to use
    			CTRL-L or ":redraw!" if the command did display
    			something.
    			Also see |shell-window|.

    							*:!!*
    :!!			Repeat last ":!{cmd}".

    							*:ve* *:version*
    :ve[rsion]		Print the version number of the editor.  If the
    			compiler used understands "__DATE__" the compilation
    			date is mentioned.  Otherwise a fixed release-date is
    			shown.
    			The following lines contain information about which
    			features were enabled when Vim was compiled.  When
    			there is a preceding '+', the feature is included,
    			when there is a '-' it is excluded.  To change this,
    			you have to edit feature.h and recompile Vim.
    			To check for this in an expression, see |has()|.
    			Here is an overview of the features.
    			The first column shows the smallest version in which
    			they are included:
    			   T	tiny
    			   S	small
    			   N	normal
    			   B	big
    			   H	huge
    			   m	manually enabled or depends on other features
    			 (none) system dependent
    			Thus if a feature is marked with "N", it is included
    			in the normal, big and huge versions of Vim.

    							*+feature-list*
       *+ARP*		Amiga only: ARP support included
    N  *+autocmd*		|:autocmd|, automatic commands
    m  *+balloon_eval*	|balloon-eval| support
    N  *+browse*		|:browse| command
    N  *+builtin_terms*	some terminals builtin |builtin-terms|
    B  *++builtin_terms*	maximal terminals builtin |builtin-terms|
    N  *+byte_offset*	support for 'o' flag in 'statusline' option, "go"
    			and ":goto" commands.
    N  *+cindent*		|'cindent'|, C indenting
    N  *+clientserver*	Unix and Win32: Remote invocation |clientserver|
       *+clipboard*		|clipboard| support
    N  *+cmdline_compl*	command line completion |cmdline-completion|
    N  *+cmdline_hist*	command line history |cmdline-history|
    N  *+cmdline_info*	|'showcmd'| and |'ruler'|
    N  *+comments*		|'comments'| support
    N  *+cryptv*		encryption support |encryption|
    B  *+cscope*		|cscope| support
    N  *+dialog_gui*	Support for |:confirm| with GUI dialog.
    N  *+dialog_con*	Support for |:confirm| with console dialog.
    N  *+dialog_con_gui*	Support for |:confirm| with GUI and console dialog.
    N  *+diff*		|vimdiff| and 'diff'
    N  *+digraphs*		|digraphs| *E196*
    B  *+emacs_tags*	|emacs-tags| files
    N  *+eval*		expression evaluation |eval|
    N  *+ex_extra*		Vim's extra Ex commands: |:center|, |:left|,
    			|:normal|, |:retab| and |:right|
    N  *+extra_search*	|'hlsearch'| and |'incsearch'| options.
    B  *+farsi*		|farsi| language
    N  *+file_in_path*	|gf|, |CTRL-W_f| and |<cfile>|
    N  *+find_in_path*	include file searches: |[I|, |:isearch|,
    			|CTRL-W_CTRL-I|, |:checkpath|, etc.
    N  *+folding*		|folding|
       *+footer*		|gui-footer|
       *+fork*		Unix only: |fork| shell commands
    N  *+gettext*		message translations |multi-lang|
       *+GUI_Athena*	Unix only: Athena |GUI|
       *+GUI_BeOS*		BeOS only: BeOS |GUI|
       *+GUI_GTK*		Unix only: GTK+ |GUI|
       *+GUI_Motif*		Unix only: Motif |GUI|
       *+GUI_Photon*	QNX only:  Photon |GUI|
    m  *+hangul_input*	Hangul input support |hangul|
       *+iconv*		Compiled with the |iconv()| function, may have |/dyn|
    N  *+insert_expand*	|insert_expand| Insert mode completion
    N  *+jumplist*		|jumplist|
    B  *+keymap*		|'keymap'|
    B  *+langmap*		|'langmap'|
    N  *+libcall*		|libcall()|
    N  *+linebreak*		|'linebreak'|, |'breakat'| and |'showbreak'|
    N  *+lispindent*	|'lisp'|
    N  *+listcmds*		Vim commands for the list of buffers |buffer-hidden|
    			and argument list |:argdelete|
    N  *+localmap*		Support for mappings local to a buffer |:map-local|
    N  *+menu*		|:menu|
    N  *+mksession*		|:mksession|
    N  *+modify_fname*	|filename-modifiers|
    N  *+mouse*		Mouse handling |mouse-using|
    N  *+mouseshape*	|'mouseshape'|
    B  *+mouse_dec*		Unix only: Dec terminal mouse handling |dec-mouse|
    N  *+mouse_gpm*		Unix only: Linux console mouse handling |gpm-mouse|
    B  *+mouse_netterm*	Unix only: netterm mouse handling |netterm-mouse|
    N  *+mouse_pterm*	QNX only: pterm mouse handling |qnx-terminal|
    N  *+mouse_xterm*	Unix only: xterm mouse handling |xterm-mouse|
    B  *+multi_byte*	Korean and other languages |multibyte|
       *+multi_byte_ime*	Win32 input method for multibyte chars |multibyte-ime|
    N  *+multi_lang*	non-English language support |multi-lang|
    m  *+ole*		Win32 GUI only: |ole-interface|
       *+osfiletype*	Support for the 'osfiletype' option and filetype
    			checking in automatic commands.  |autocmd-osfiletypes|
    N  *+path_extra*	Up/downwards search in 'path' and 'tags'
    m  *+perl*		Perl interface |perl|, may have |/dyn|
       *+postscript*	|:hardcopy| writes a PostScript file
    N  *+printer*		|:hardcopy| command
    m  *+python*		Python interface |python|, may have |/dyn|
    N  *+quickfix*		|:make| and |quickfix| commands
    B  *+rightleft*		Right to left typing |'rightleft'|
    m  *+ruby*		Ruby interface |ruby|, may have |/dyn|
    N  *+scrollbind*	|'scrollbind'|
    B  *+signs*		|:sign|
    N  *+smartindent*	|'smartindent'|
    m  *+sniff*		SniFF interface (no docs available...)
    N  *+statusline*	Options 'statusline', 'rulerformat' and special
    			formats of 'titlestring' and 'iconstring'
       *+sun_workshop*	|workshop|
    N  *+syntax*		Syntax highlighting |syntax|
       *+system()*		Unix only: opposite of |+fork|
    N  *+tag_binary*	binary searching in tags file |tag-binary-search|
    N  *+tag_old_static*	old method for static tags |tag-old-static|
    m  *+tag_any_white*	any white space allowed in tags file |tag-any-white|
    m  *+tcl*		Tcl interface |tcl|, may have |/dyn|
       *+terminfo*		uses |terminfo| instead of termcap
    N  *+termresponse*	support for |t_RV| and |v:termresponse|
    N  *+textobjects*	|text-objects| selection
       *+tgetent*		non-Unix only: able to use external termcap
    N  *+title*		Setting the window title |'title'|
    N  *+toolbar*		|gui-toolbar|
    N  *+user_commands*	User-defined commands. |user-commands|
    N  *+viminfo*		|'viminfo'|
    N  *+vertsplit*		Vertically split windows |:vsplit|
    N  *+virtualedit*	|'virtualedit'|
    S  *+visual*		Visual mode |Visual-mode|
    N  *+visualextra*	extra Visual mode commands |blockwise-operators|
    N  *+vreplace*		|gR| and |gr|
    N  *+wildignore*	|'wildignore'|
    N  *+wildmenu*		|'wildmenu'|
    S  *+windows*		more than one window
    m  *+writebackup*	|'writebackup'| is default on
    m  *+xim*		X input method |xim|
       *+xfontset*		X fontset support |xfontset|
    N  *+xterm_clipboard*	Unix only: xterm clipboard handling
    m  *+xterm_save*	save and restore xterm screen |xterm-screens|
    N  *+X11*		Unix only: can restore window title |X11|

    							*/dyn* *E370*
    			To some of the features "/dyn" is added when the
    			feature is only available when the related library can
    			be dynamically loaded.

    :ve[rsion] {nr}		Is now ignored.  This was previously used to check the
    			version number of a .vimrc file.  It was removed,
    			because you can now use the ":if" command for
    			version-dependent behavior.  {not in Vi}

    							*:redi* *:redir*
    :redi[r][!] > {file}	Redirect messages to file {file}.  The messages which
    			are the output of commands are written to that file,
    			until redirection ends.  The messages are also still
    			shown on the screen.  When [!] is included, an
    			existing file is overwritten.  When [!] is omitted,
    			and {file} exists, this command fails.
    			Only one ":redir" can be active at a time.  Calls to
    			":redir" will close any active redirection before
    			starting redirection to the new target.
    			To stop the messages and commands from being echoed to
    			the screen, put the commands in a function and call it
    			with ":silent call Function()".
    			{not in Vi}

    :redi[r] >> {file}	Redirect messages to file {file}.  Append if {file}
    			already exists.  {not in Vi}

    :redi[r] @{a-zA-Z}	Redirect messages to register {a-z}.  Append to the
    			contents of the register if its name is given
    			uppercase {A-Z}.  {not in Vi}

    :redi[r] @*		Redirect messages to the clipboard. {not in Vi}

    :redi[r] @"		Redirect messages to the unnamed register. {not in Vi}

    :redi[r] END		End redirecting messages.  {not in Vi}

    						*:sil* *:silent*
    :sil[ent][!] {command}	Execute {command} silently.  Normal messages will not
    			be given.
    			When [!] is added, error messages will also be
    			skipped, and commands and mappings will not be aborted
    			when an error is detected.  |v:errmsg| is still set.
    			When [!] is not used, an error message will cause
    			further messages to be displayed normally.
    			Redirection, started with |:redir|, will continue as
    			usual, although there might be small differences.
    			This will allow redirecting the output of a command
    			without seeing it on the screen.  Example:
    			    :redir >/tmp/foobar
    			    :silent g/Aap/p
    			    :redir END
    			To execute a Normal mode command silently, use the
    			|:normal| command.  For example, to search for a
    			string without messages:
    			    :silent exe "normal /path\<CR>"
    			":silent!" is useful to execute a command that may
    			fail, but the failure is to be ignored.  Example:
    			    :let v:errmsg = ""
    			    :silent! /^begin
    			    :if v:errmsg != ""
    			    : ... pattern was not found
    			":silent" will also avoid the hit-enter prompt.  When
    			using this for an external command, this may cause the
    			screen to be messed up.  Use |CTRL-L| to clean it up
    			then.
    			":silent menu ..." defines a menu that will not echo a
    			Command-line command.  The command will still produce
    			messages though.  Use ":silent" in the command itself
    			to avoid that: ":silent menu .... :silent command".

    						*:verb* *:verbose*
    :[count]verb[ose] {command}
    			Execute {command} with 'verbose' set to [count].  If
    			[count] is omitted one is used.
    			The additional use of ":silent" makes messages
    			generated but not displayed.
    			The combination of ":silent" and ":verbose" can be
    			used to generate messages and check them with
    			|v:statusmsg| and friends.  For example:
    				:let v:statusmsg = ""
    				:silent verbose runtime foobar.vim
    				:if v:statusmsg != ""
    				:  " foobar.vim could not be found
    				:endif
    			When concatenating another command, the ":verbose"
    			only applies to the first one:
    				:4verbose set verbose | set verbose
    				  verbose=4
    				  verbose=0

    							*K*
    K			Run a program to lookup the keyword under the
    			cursor.  The name of the program is given with the
    			'keywordprg' (kp) option (default is "man").  The
    			keyword is formed of letters, numbers and the
    			characters in 'iskeyword'.  The keyword under or
    			right of the cursor is used.  The same can be done
    			with the command
    				:!{program} {keyword}
    			There is an example of a program to use in the tools
    			directory of Vim.  It is called 'ref' and does a
    			simple spelling check.
    			Special cases:
    			- If 'keywordprg' is empty, the ":help" command is
    			  used.  It's a good idea to include more characters
    			  in 'iskeyword' then, to be able to find more help.
    			- When 'keywordprg' is equal to "man", a count before
    			  "K" is inserted after the "man" command and before
    			  the keyword.  For example, using "2K" while the
    			  cursor is on "mkdir", results in:
    				!man 2 mkdir
    			- When 'keywordprg' is equal to "man -s", a count
    			  before "K" is inserted after the "-s".  If there is
    			  no count, the "-s" is removed.
    			{not in Vi}

    							*v_K*
    {Visual}K		Like "K", but use the visually highlighted text for
    			the keyword.  Only works when the highlighted text is
    			not more than one line.  {not in Vi}

    [N]gs							*gs* *:sl* *:sleep*
    :[N]sl[eep] [N]	[m]	Do nothing for [N] seconds.  When [m] is included,
    			sleep for [N] milliseconds. The count for "gs" always
    			uses seconds.  The default is one second.
      :sleep	  "sleep for one second
      :5sleep	  "sleep for five seconds
      :sleep 100m     "sleep for a hundred milliseconds
      10gs		  "sleep for ten seconds
    			Can be interrupted with CTRL-C (CTRL-Break on MS-DOS).
    			"gs" stands for "goto sleep".  While sleeping the
    			cursor is positioned in the text (if visible).  {not
    			in Vi}

    							*g_CTRL-A*
    g CTRL-A		Only when Vim was compiled with MEM_PROFILING defined
    			(which is very rare): print memory usage statistics.
    			Only useful for debugging Vim.

    2. Online help						*online-help*

    			*help* *<Help>* *:h* *:help* *<F1>* *i_<F1>* *i_<Help>*
    <Help>		or
    :h[elp]			Open a window and display the help file in read-only
    			mode.  If there is a help window open already, use
    			that one.  Otherwise, if the current window uses the
    			full width of the screen or is at least 80 characters
    			wide, the help window will appear just above the
    			current window.  Otherwise the new window is put at
    			the very top.
    			{not in Vi}

    							*{subject}* *E149*
    :h[elp] {subject}	Like ":help", additionally jump to the tag {subject}.
    			{subject} can include wildcards like "*", "?" and
    			"[a-z]":
    			   :help z?	jump to help for any "z" command
    			   :help z.	jump to the help for "z."
    			If there is no full match for the pattern, or there
    			are several matches, the "best" match will be used.
    			A sophisticated algorithm is used to decide which
    			match is better than another one.  These items are
    			considered in the computation:
    			- A match with same case is much better than a match
    			  with different case.
    			- A match that starts after a non-alphanumeric
    			  character is better than a match in the middle of a
    			  word.
    			- A match at or near the beginning of the tag is
    			  better than a match further on.
    			- The more alphanumeric characters match, the better.
    			- The shorter the length of the match, the better.
    			Note that the longer the {subject} you give, the less
    			matches will be found.  You can get an idea how this
    			all works by using commandline completion (type CTRL-D
    			after ":help subject").
    			If there are several matches, you can have them listed
    			by hitting CTRL-D.  Example:
    				:help cont<Ctrl-D>
    			To use a regexp |pattern|, first do ":help" and then
    			use ":tag {pattern}" in the help window.  The
    			":tnext" command can then be used to jump to other
    			matches, "tselect" to list matches and choose one.
    				:help index| :tse z.
    			This command can be followed by '|' and another
    			command, but you don't need to escape the '|' inside a
    			help command.  So these both work:
    				:help |
    				:help k| only
    			Note that a space before the '|' is seen as part of
    			the ":help" argument.
    			You can also use <LF> or <CR> to separate the help
    			command from a following command.  You need to type
    			CTRL-V first to insert the <LF> or <CR>.  Example:
    				:help so<C-V><CR>only
    			{not in Vi}

    When no argument is given the file given with the 'helpfile' option will be
    opened.  Otherwise the specified tag is searched for in all "doc/tags" files
    in the directories specified in the 'runtimepath' option.

    The initial height of the help window can be set with the 'helpheight' option
    (default 20).

    Jump to specific subjects by using tags.  This can be done in two ways:
    - Use the "CTRL-]" command while standing on the name of a command or option.
      This only works when the tag is a keyword.  "<C-Leftmouse>" and
      "g<LeftMouse>" work just like "CTRL-]".
    - use the ":ta {subject}" command.  This also works with non-keyword
      characters.

    Use CTRL-T or CTRL-O to jump back.
    Use ":q" to close the help window.

    If there are several matches for an item you are looking for, this is how you
    can jump to each one of them:
    1. open a help window
    2. Use the ":tag" command with a slash prepended to the tag.  E.g.:
    	:tag /min
    3. Use ":tnext" to jump to the next matching tag.

    It is possible to add help files for plugins and other items.  You don't need
    to change the distributed help files for that.  See |add-local-help|

    To write a local help file, see |write-local-help|.

    Note that the title lines from the local help files are automagically added to
    the "LOCAL ADDITIONS" section in the "help.txt" help file.  This is done when
    viewing the file in Vim, the file itself is not changed.  It is done by going
    through all help files and obtaining the first line of each file.  The files
    in $VIMRUNTIME/doc are skipped.

    							*help-xterm-window*
    If you want to have the help in another xterm window, you could use this
    command:
    	:!xterm -e vim +help &

    			*:helpfind* *:helpf*
    :helpf[ind]		Like |:help|, but use a dialog to enter the argument.
    			Only for backwards compatibilty.  It now executes the
    			ToolBar.HelpFind menu entry instead of using a builtin
    			dialog.  {only when compiled with |+GUI_GTK|}

    			*:helpt* *:helptags* *E154* *E150* *E151* *E152* *E153*
    :helpt[ags] {dir}	Generate the help tags file for directory {dir}.  All
    			"*.txt" files in the directory are scanned for a help
    			tag definition in between stars.  The generated tags
    			file is sorted.  When there are duplicates an error
    			message is given.  An existing tags file is silently
    			overwritten.

    3. Printing						*printing*

    On MS-Windows Vim can print your text on any installed printer.  On other
    systems a PostScript file is produced.  This can be directly sent to a
    PostScript printer.  For other printers a program like ghostscript needs to be
    used.

    {not in Vi}
    {only available when compiled with |+printer| feature}

    					*:ha* *:hardcopy* *E237* *E238* *E324*
    :[range]ha[rdcopy][!] [arguments]
    			Send [range] lines (default whole file) to the
    			printer.

    			On MS-Windows a dialog is displayed to allow selection
    			of printer, paper size etc. To skip the dialog, use
    			the [!].  In this case the printer defined by
    			'printdevice' is used, or, if 'printdevice' is empty,
    			the system default printer.

    			For systems other than MS-Windows, PostScript is
    			written in a temp file and 'printexpr' is used to
    			actually print it.  Then [arguments] can be used by
    			'printexpr' through |v:cmdarg|.  Otherwise [arguments]
    			is ignored.  'printoptions' can be used to specify
    			paper size, duplex, etc.

    :[range]ha[rdcopy][!] >{filename}
    			As above, but write the resulting PostScript in file
    			{filename}.  Careful: An existing file is silently
    			overwritten.
    			{only available when compiled with the |+postscript|
    			feature}
    			On MS-Windows use the "print to file" feature of the
    			printer driver.

    Progress is displayed during printing as a page number and a percentage.  To
    abort printing use the interrupt key (CTRL-C or, on MS-systems, CTRL-Break).

    Printer output is controlled by the 'printfont' and 'printoptions' options.
    'printheader' specifies the format of a page header.

    The printed file is always limited to the selected margins, irrespective of
    the current window's 'wrap' or 'linebreak' settings.  The "wrap" item in
    'printoptions' can be used to switch wrapping off.
    The current highlighting colors are used in the printout, with the following
    considerations:
    1) The normal background is always rendered as white (i.e. blank paper.)
    2) White text or the default foreground is rendered as black, so that it shows
       up!
    3) If 'background' is "dark", then the colours are darkened to compensate for
       the fact that otherwise they would be too bright to show up clearly on
       white paper.

    3.1 PostScript Printing
    							*E455* *E456* *E457*
    Provided you have enough disk space there should be no problems generating a
    PostScript file.  You need to have the runtime files correctly installed (if
    you can find the help files, they probably are).

    There are currently a number of limitations with PostScript printing:

    - 'printfont' - The font name is ignored (the Courier family is always used -
      it should be available on all PostScript printers) but the font size is
      used.

    - 'printoptions' - The duplex setting is used when generating PostScript
      output, but it is up to the printer to take notice of the setting.  If the
      printer does not support duplex printing then it should be silently ignored.
      Some printers, however, don't print at all.

    - 8-bit and Multi-byte support - There is limited support for 8-bit character
      set encodings.  It is based on the Latin-1 encoding, modified for the host
      platform so that what is printed should match what VIM displays on screen.
      There is no support for multi-byte character sets - the characters are
      replaced with spaces.

    3.2 PostScript Printing Troubleshooting

    Usually the only sign of a problem when printing with PostScript is that your
    printout does not appear.  If you are lucky you may get a printed page that
    tells you the PostScript operator that generated the error that prevented the
    print job completing.

    There are a number of possible causes as to why the printing may have failed:

    - Paper size.  Some PostScript printers will abort printing a file if they do
      not support the requested paper size.  By default VIM uses A4 paper.  Find
      out what size paper your printer normally uses and set the appropriate paper
      size with 'printoptions'.  If you cannot find the name of the paper used,
      measure a sheet and compare it with the table of supported paper sizes listed
      for 'printoptions', using the paper that is closest in both width AND height.
      Note: The dimensions of actual paper may vary slightly from the ones listed.
      If there is no paper listed close enough, then you may want to try psresize
      from PSUtils, discussed below.

    - Two-sided printing (duplex).  Normally a PostScript printer that does not
      support two-sided printing will ignore any request to do it.  However, some
      printers may abort the job altogether.  Try printing with duplex turned off.
      Note: Duplex prints can be achieved manually using PS utils - see below.

    - Collated printing.  As with Duplex printing, most PostScript printers that
      do not support collating printouts will ignore a request to do so.  Some may
      not.  Try printing with collation turned off.

    - Syntax highlighting.  Some print management code may prevent the generated
      PostScript file from being printed on a black and white printer when syntax
      highlighting is turned on, even if solid black is the only color used.  Try
      printing with syntax highlighting turned off.

    A safe printoptions setting to try is:

    	:set printoptions=paper:A4,duplex:off,collate:n,syntax:n

    Replace "A4" with the paper size that best matches your printer paper.

    3.3 PostScript Utilities

    3.3.1 Ghostscript

    Ghostscript is a PostScript and PDF interpreter that can be used to display
    and print on non-PostScript printers PostScript and PDF files.  It can also
    generate PDF files from PostScript.

    Ghostscript will run on a wide variety of platforms.

    There are three available versions:

    - AFPL Ghostscript (formerly Aladdin Ghostscript) which is free for
      non-commercial use.  It can be obtained from:

        http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/

    - GNU Ghostscript which is available under the GNU General Public License.  It
      can be obtained from:

        ftp://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/ghost/gnu/

    - A commercial version for inclusion in commercial products.

    Additional information on Ghostscript can also be found at:

      http://www.ghostscript.com/

    Support for a number of non PostScript printers is provided in the
    distribution as standard, but if you cannot find support for your printer
    check the Ghostscript site for other printers not included by default.

    3.3.2 Ghostscript Previewers.

    The interface to Ghostscript is very primitive so a number of graphical front
    ends have been created.  These allow easier PostScript file selection,
    previewing at different zoom levels, and printing.  Check supplied
    documentation for full details.

    X11

    - Ghostview.  Obtainable from:

        http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gv/

    - gv.  Derived from Ghostview.  Obtainable from:

        http://wwwthep.physik.uni-mainz.de/~plass/gv/

      Copies (possibly not the most recent) can be found at:

        http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gv/

    OpenVMS

    - gv-vms.  A port of gv to OpenVMS.  Obtainable from:

        ftp://axp.psl.ku.dk/decwindows/xaw3d/
        ftp://ftp.wku.edu/vms/fileserv/x11kit.zip

    Windows and OS/2

    - GSview.  Obtainable from:

        http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gsview/

    DOS

    - ps_view.  Obtainable from:

        ftp://ftp.pg.gda.pl/pub/TeX/support/ps_view/
        ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/ps_view/

    Linux

    - GSview.  Linux version of the popular Windows and OS/2 previewer.
      Obtainable from:

        http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gsview/

    - BMV.  Different from Ghostview and gv in that it doesn't use X but svgalib.
      Obtainable from:

        ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/graphics/viewers/svga/bmv-1.2.tgz

    3.3.3 PSUtils

    PSUtils is a collection of utility programs for manipulating PostScript
    documents.  Binary distributions are available for many platforms, as well as
    the full source.  PSUtils can be found at:

      http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~ajcd/psutils/index.html

    The utilities of interest include:

    - psnup.     Convert PS files for N-up printing.
    - psselect.  Select page range and order of printing.
    - psresize.  Change the page size.
    - psbook.    Reorder and lay out pages ready for making a book.

    The output of one program can be used as the input to the next, allowing for
    complex print document creation.

    N-UP PRINTING

    The psnup utility takes an existing PostScript file generated from VIM and
    convert it to an n-up version.  The simplest way to create a 2-up printout is
    to first create a PostScript file with:

    	:hardcopy > test.ps

    Then on your command line execute:

    	psnup -n 2 test.ps final.ps

    Note: You may get warnings from some Ghostscript previewers for files produced
    by psnup - these may safely be ignored.

    Finally print the file final.ps to your PostScript printer with your
    platform's print command.  (You will need to delete the two PostScript files
    afterwards yourself.)  'printexpr' could be modified to perform this extra
    step before printing.

    ALTERNATE DUPLEX PRINTING

    It is possible to achieve a poor man's version of duplex printing using the PS
    utility psselect.  This utility has options -e and -o for printing just the
    even or odd pages of a PS file respectively.

    First generate a PS file with the 'hardcopy' command, then generate a new
    files with all the odd and even numbered pages with:

    	psselect -o test.ps odd.ps
    	psselect -e test.ps even.ps

    Next print odd.ps with your platform's normal print command.  Then take the
    print output, turn it over and place it back in the paper feeder.  Now print
    even.ps with your platform's print command.  All the even pages should now
    appear on the back of the odd pages.

    There a couple of points to bear in mind:

    1. Position of the first page.  If the first page is on top of the printout
       when printing the odd pages then you need to reverse the order that the odd
       pages are printed.  This can be done with the -r option to psselect.  This
       will ensure page 2 is printed on the back of page 1.
       Note: it is better to reverse the odd numbered pages rather than the even
       numbered in case there are an odd number of pages in the original PS file.

    2. Paper flipping.  When turning over the paper with the odd pages printed on
       them you may have to either flip them horizontally (along the long edge) or
       vertically (along the short edge), as well as possibly rotating them 180
       degrees.  All this depends on the printer - it will be more obvious for
       desktop ink jets than for small office laser printers where the paper path
       is hidden from view.

    4. Using Vim like less or more					*less*

    If you use the less or more program to view a file, you don't get syntax
    highlighting.  Thus you would like to use Vim instead.  You can do this by
    using the shell script "$VIMRUNTIME/macros/less.sh".

    This shell script uses the Vim script "$VIMRUNTIME/macros/less.vim".  It sets
    up mappings to simulate the commands that less supports.  Otherwise, you can
    still use the Vim commands.

    This isn't perfect.  For example, when viewing a short file Vim will still use
    the whole screen.  But it works good enough for most uses, and you get syntax
    highlighting.

    The "h" key will give you a short overview of the available comands.

     vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:

Generated by vim2html on Tue Apr 16 08:10:03 UTC 2002